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Schizophrenia affects around 0.3–0.7% of people at some point in their life. [19] [14] In areas of conflict this figure can rise to between 4.0 and 6.5%. [254] It occurs 1.4 times more frequently in males than females and typically appears earlier in men. [87] Worldwide, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder. [56]
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that most commonly affects social and emotional functioning. Besides emotional and psychological influences, it is believed that genetics and early development play a role in the onset of schizophrenia. [8] The physical aspects of the disease are actual differences in the brain of the affected.
The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood.A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia.
The DSM-5 emphasizes a psychotic spectrum, wherein the low end is characterized by schizoid personality disorder, and the high end is characterized by schizophrenia. [ 3 ] Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al. said that the pleasant or emotionally positive experiences that are common in psychosis, particularly in the early stages, are more easily ...
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. [ 2 ] Although the substantia nigra appears as a continuous band in brain sections, anatomical studies have found that it actually consists of two parts with very different connections and functions: the pars compacta (SNpc) and the ...
Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease: Dementia is known as a decreasing brain function disease that affects older people. [128] In Alzheimer's disease, mood dysregulation can be caused by decreasing function of emotional regulation, salience, cholinergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic function. [ 128 ]
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