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Modern graphics cards use a freely programmable, shader-controlled pipeline, which allows direct access to individual processing steps. To relieve the main processor, additional processing steps have been moved to the pipeline and the GPU. The most important shader units are vertex shaders, geometry shaders, and pixel shaders.
The unified shader model uses the same hardware resources for both vertex and fragment processing. In the field of 3D computer graphics, the unified shader model (known in Direct3D 10 as "Shader Model 4.0") refers to a form of shader hardware in a graphical processing unit (GPU) where all of the shader stages in the rendering pipeline (geometry, vertex, pixel, etc.) have the same capabilities.
Shadow mapping or shadowing projection is a process by which shadows are added to 3D computer graphics. This concept was introduced by Lance Williams in 1978, in a paper entitled "Casting curved shadows on curved surfaces." [1] Since then, it has been used both in pre-rendered and realtime scenes in many console and PC games.
For real-time 3D graphics, it has become common to use complicated heuristics (and even neural-networks) to perform anti-aliasing. [42] [43] [26]: 9.3 [16]: 5.4.2 In 3D rasterization, color is usually determined by a pixel shader or fragment shader, a small program that is run for each pixel.
Pixel shaders may also be applied in intermediate stages to any two-dimensional images—sprites or textures—in the pipeline, whereas vertex shaders always require a 3D scene. For instance, a pixel shader is the only kind of shader that can act as a postprocessor or filter for a video stream after it has been rasterized.
As shader based GPUs and APIs evolved, fixed-function APIs were implemented by graphics driver engineers using the more general purpose shading architecture. This approach served as a segue that would continue providing the fixed-function API abstraction most developers were experienced with while allowing further development and enhancements ...
The Blinn–Phong reflection model, also called the modified Phong reflection model, is a modification developed by Jim Blinn to the Phong reflection model. [1]Blinn–Phong is a shading model used in OpenGL and Direct3D's fixed-function pipeline (before Direct3D 10 and OpenGL 3.1), and is carried out on each vertex as it passes down the graphics pipeline; pixel values between vertices are ...
This pixel shader then renders to all render targets with a single draw command. A common use of MRT is deferred shading, a shading process which, unlike forward shading, performs lighting calculations on an entire 3D scene at once instead of on each individual object. To do this in real-time, MRT is used to store the required information for ...