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There is no correlation between consumption of foods high in carotenoids and vitamin A and the risk of Parkinson's disease. [22] Humans and other animals are mostly incapable of synthesizing carotenoids, and must obtain them through their diet. Carotenoids are a common and often ornamental feature in animals.
β-Carotene is composed of two retinyl groups, and is broken down in the mucosa of the human small intestine by β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase to retinal,a form of vitamin A. β-Carotene can be stored in the liver and body fat and converted to retinal as needed, thus making it a form of vitamin A for humans and some other mammals.
The primary serum carotenoids are beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein. Serum levels of carotenoids vary between region, ethnicity, and sex in the healthy population. All are absorbed by passive diffusion from the gastrointestinal tract and are then partially metabolized in the intestinal mucosa and liver to vitamin A. From there they are ...
Lycopene dietary supplements (in oil) may be more efficiently absorbed than lycopene from food. [4] Lycopene is not an essential nutrient for humans, but is commonly found in the diet mainly from dishes prepared from tomatoes. [4] The median and 99th percentile of dietary lycopene intake have been estimated to be 5.2 and 123 mg/d, respectively ...
Vitamin A in food exists either as preformed retinol – an active form of vitamin A – found in animal liver, dairy and egg products, and some fortified foods, or as provitamin A carotenoids, which are plant pigments digested into vitamin A after consuming carotenoid-rich plant foods, typically in red, orange, or yellow colors. [4]
These foods "are high in beta-carotene, the precursor to vitamin A and vitamin C, both essential nutrients to support a healthy immune system." She explained:
A 2018 meta-analysis found that both dietary and circulating α-carotene are associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality.The highest circulating α-carotene category, compared to the lowest, correlated with a 32% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality, while increased dietary α-carotene intake was linked to a 21% decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality.
In animals and humans, carotenoid lipid complexes play an additional role to temperature adaptation role, or thermogenesis. They are able to control lipid droplet formation, LD, and mitochondrial activation/respiration, blood plasma lipoprotein oxygen transport, control of and tissue oxygenation.