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Quinine, like chloroquine, inactivates enzymes in the lysosomes of cells and has an anti-inflammatory effect, hence its use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, inactivation of these enzymes can also cause abnormal accumulation of glycogen and phospholipids in lysosomes, causing toxic myopathy. It is possible this action is the ...
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. [64] Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early experimental treatment for COVID-19. [65] Neither drug has been useful to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. [5] [6] While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. [5] It can be taken by mouth or intravenously. [5]
[29] [31] [32] Chloroquine treatment can induce porphyria attacks within the first couple of months of treatment due to the mass mobilization of porphyrins from the liver into the blood stream. [29] Complete remission can be seen within 6–12 months as each dose of antimalarial can only remove a finite amount of porphyrins and there are ...
The effects of cinchona bark (the botanical source from which quinidine is extracted) had been commented on long before the understanding of cardiac physiology arose. Jean-Baptiste de Sénac, in his 1749 work on the anatomy, function, and diseases of the heart, had this to say: "Long and rebellious palpitations have ceded to this febrifuge". [20]
Among the quinoline alkaloids are the cinchona alkaloids quinine and quinidine, which are important due to their therapeutic potential, furthermore cinchonine and cinchonidine, as well as some furoquinoline alkaloids and acridine alkaloids.
For short-term treatment of acute malaria, adverse effects can include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, heart problems, reduced appetite, headache, nausea and vomiting. [3] Other adverse effects noted with short-term use of Hydroxychloroquine include low blood sugar and QT interval prolongation. [19] Idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reactions have ...
These symptoms may occur concurrently, successively, or independently. Typically, when a drug triggers urticaria, symptoms manifest within 24 hours of ingestion, aiding in the identification of the causative agent. Urticaria symptoms usually subside within 1–24 hours, while angioedema may take up to 72 hours to resolve completely. [2]