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Paracetamol, [a] or acetaminophen, [b] is a non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic agent used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain. [13] [14] [15] It is a widely available over-the-counter drug sold under various brand names, including Tylenol and Panadol.
Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk. [11] For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes. [11] Aspirin works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets. [11] One common adverse effect is an upset ...
PGH 2, in turn, is converted by other enzymes into various prostaglandins (which mediate pain, inflammation, and fever) and thromboxane A2 (which stimulates platelet aggregation and promotes blood clot formation). Like aspirin and indomethacin, ibuprofen is a nonselective COX inhibitor, in that it inhibits two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 ...
Codeine is used to treat mild to moderate pain. [4] It is commonly used to treat post-surgical dental pain. [13]Weak evidence indicates that it is useful in cancer pain, but it may have increased adverse effects, especially constipation, compared to other opioids. [14]
The risk of severe bleeding is small but definite (a typical yearly rate of 1–3% has been reported), [30] and any benefit needs to outweigh this risk when warfarin is considered. All types of bleeding occur more commonly, but the most severe ones are those involving the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage/hemorrhagic stroke) and the spinal cord. [30]
SSRIs are the primary medications prescribed, owing to their relatively mild side-effects, and because they are less toxic in overdose than other antidepressants. [184] People who do not respond to one SSRI can be switched to another antidepressant , and this results in improvement in almost 50% of cases. [ 185 ]