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The place type in the list for Scotland records all inhabited areas as City. According to British government definitions, there are only eight Scottish cities; [1] they are Aberdeen, Dundee, Dunfermline, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Perth and Stirling.
Place names that directly reference the Irish include Irby, Irby upon Humber, Ireby and Ireleth. Place names with Scot-or similar, such as Scothern in Lincolnshire or Scotton in the North Riding of Yorkshire, may refer to Gaelic speakers from Scotland or Ireland, since Old English Scottas originally had connotations of Irish Gaels.
This article lists a number of common generic forms in place names in the British Isles, their meanings and some examples of their use. The study of place names is called toponymy ; for a more detailed examination of this subject in relation to British and Irish place names, refer to Toponymy in the United Kingdom and Ireland .
Place names with aber are very common in Wales. They are also common on the east coast of Scotland, where they are assumed to be of Pictish origin. They are found to a lesser extent in Cornwall and other parts of England and Brittany. It may be that the relative dearth in Cornwall is simply a result of there being fewer rivers on a peninsula.
The Gaelic name refers to the mountain; the English name comes from an adjacent loch. River Forth: An Abhainn Dubh Gaelic name means "The Black River". Rothesay: Baile Bhòid Gaelic name means "town of Bute". South Queensferry: Cas Chaolais "Caschillis" is an old form. A translation of the English name is sometimes used. St Kilda: Hiort
The word shares a root with the Germanic word that survives in English as heath.Both descend from a root */kait-/, which developed as Common Celtic */kaito-/ > Common Brittonic and Gaulish */kɛːto-/ > Old Welsh coit > Middle and Modern Welsh coed, Old Cornish cuit > Middle Cornish co(y)s > Cornish cos, Old Breton cot, coet > Middle Breton koed > Breton koad.
In New Zealand, the southern regions of Otago and Southland were settled by the Free Church of Scotland. Many of the place names in these two regions (such as the main cities of Dunedin and Invercargill and the major river, the Clutha) have Scottish Gaelic names, [78] and Celtic culture is still prominent in this area. [79] [80] [81]
It is clear that whenever place names are recorded at an early date as having been transposed from a form of P-Celtic into Gaelic that this occurred prior to the transformation from "Old British" into modern Welsh. [7] There are numerous Scottish place names with Brythonic roots although the number of island names involved is relatively small.