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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a technique used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about molecules due to the chemical shift of the resonance frequencies of nuclear spins in the sample. Its combination with electrochemical techniques can provide detailed and quantitative information about the functional ...
The sample works as working electrode (WE) and must be conductive. The AFM probe is a "passive" element, as it is unbiased and it monitors the surface changes as a function of time, when a potential is applied to the sample. Several electrochemical experiments can be performed on the sample, such as cyclic voltammetry, pulse voltammetry etc ...
The potentials of the working electrodes (the sample and the tip) are controlled independently against a reference electrode. In this case, the tunneling bias voltage is the difference between the two potentials. A counter electrode is used to complete the current-carrying circuits with the working electrodes.
In situ electron microscopy is an investigatory technique where an electron microscope is used to watch a sample's response to a stimulus in real time. Due to the nature of the high-energy beam of electrons used to image a sample in an electron microscope, microscopists have long observed that specimens are routinely changed or damaged by the electron beam.
The name change from in situ to operando for the research field of spectroscopy of catalysts under working conditions was proposed at the Lunteren congress. [ 3 ] The analytical principle of measuring the structure, property and function of a material, a component disassembled or as part of a device simultaneously under operation conditions is ...
It provides the monochromatic electromagnetic radiation that interacts with the sample during the electrochemical process. In Raman-SEC, the light source is usually a laser corresponding to the VIS or NIR regions, which commonly emits at 532, 633, 785 or 1064 nm, [ 4 ] although there is the possibility of using many other lasers, including UV ...
In more recent years, EPR has also been used within the context of electrochemistry to study redox-flow reactions and batteries. Because of the in situ possibilities, it is possible to construct an electrochemical cell inside the EPR instrument and capture the short-lived intermediates involved at lower concentrations than necessitated for NMR ...
DESI employs a fast-moving charged solvent stream, at an angle relative to the sample surface, to extract analytes from the surfaces and propel the secondary ions toward the mass analyzer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This tandem technique can be used to analyze forensics analyses, [ 3 ] pharmaceuticals, plant tissues, fruits, intact biological tissues, enzyme ...