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Some subjects generally considered to be part of analytic number theory, for example, sieve theory, [note 9] are better covered by the second rather than the first definition: some of sieve theory, for instance, uses little analysis, [note 10] yet it does belong to analytic number theory. The following are examples of problems in analytic ...
Composite number. Highly composite number; Even and odd numbers. Parity; Divisor, aliquot part. Greatest common divisor; Least common multiple; Euclidean algorithm; Coprime; Euclid's lemma; Bézout's identity, Bézout's lemma; Extended Euclidean algorithm; Table of divisors; Prime number, prime power. Bonse's inequality; Prime factor. Table of ...
Much of analytic number theory was inspired by the prime number theorem. Let π(x) be the prime-counting function that gives the number of primes less than or equal to x, for any real number x. For example, π(10) = 4 because there are four prime numbers (2, 3, 5 and 7) less than or equal to 10.
Class groups of algebraic number fields were among the earliest examples of factor groups, of much interest in number theory. If a group G is a permutation group on a set X , the factor group G / H is no longer acting on X ; but the idea of an abstract group permits one not to worry about this discrepancy.
It has applications to cryptography and cryptanalysis, particularly with regard to modular arithmetic, diophantine equations, linear and quadratic congruences, prime numbers and primality testing. Other discrete aspects of number theory include geometry of numbers. In analytic number theory, techniques from continuous mathematics are also used.
For example, if R is a principal ideal domain, then Pic(R) vanishes. In algebraic number theory, R will be taken to be the ring of integers, which is Dedekind and thus regular. It follows that Pic(R) is a finite group (finiteness of class number) that measures the deviation of the ring of integers from being a PID
Traditionally, number theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of integers and many of its open problems are easily understood even by non-mathematicians. More generally, the field has come to be concerned with a wider class of problems that arise naturally from the study of integers.
The large sieve is a method (or family of methods and related ideas) in analytic number theory.It is a type of sieve where up to half of all residue classes of numbers are removed, as opposed to small sieves such as the Selberg sieve wherein only a few residue classes are removed.