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[2] According to Gibson, the term criminology was most likely coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as Criminologia . [2] In the late 19th century, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term Criminologie . [3] Criminology grew substantially as a discipline in the first quarter of the twentieth century.
He was a student of Cesare Lombroso, often regarded as the father of criminology. He rejected the doctrine of free will (which was the main tenet of the Classical School ) and supported the position that crime can be understood only if it is studied by scientific methods.
Cesare Lombroso (/ l ɒ m ˈ b r oʊ s oʊ / lom-BROH-soh, [1] [2] US also / l ɔː m ˈ-/ lawm-; [3] Italian: [ˈtʃeːzare lomˈbroːzo, ˈtʃɛː-,-oːso]; born Ezechia Marco Lombroso; 6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909) was an Italian eugenicist, criminologist, phrenologist, physician, and founder of the Italian school of criminology.
One of Jacobs' first publications that used Galton's composite imagery was "The Jewish Type, and Galton's Composite Photographs", Photographic News, 29, (24 April 1885): 268–269. Galton hoped his technique would aid medical diagnosis, and even criminology through the identification of typical criminal faces.
The Italian school of criminology was founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) and two of his Italian disciples, Enrico Ferri (1856–1929) and Raffaele Garofalo (1851–1934).
[13] [14] [15] William Griesinger (1868) and Krafft-Ebing (1886) also notably employed the term in distinct ways. The use of the term in a criminological context was popularised by a high-profile legal case in Russia between 1883 and 1885, concerning the murder of a girl who had previously lived in Britain for some time, Sarah Becker (Sarra ...
Relazione sui discorsi inaugurali dei rappresentanti il pubblico ministero negli anni 1884 e 1885 (in Italian). Roma: Tip. Fratelli Bencini. 1886. Socialismo e scienza positiva, 1894. The Positive School of Criminology: Three Lectures Given at the University of Naples, Italy, on April 22, 23, and 24, 1901. C.H. Kerr. 1906. p. 8.
In criminology, the classical school usually refers to the 18th-century work during the Enlightenment by the utilitarian and social-contract philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria. Their interests lay in the system of criminal justice and penology and indirectly through the proposition that "man is a calculating animal," in the causes ...