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Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. [1] They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules. They are specialized integral membrane proteins that allow communication between the cell and the extracellular space.
Receptor proteins can be classified by their location. Cell surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, include ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked hormone receptors. [1] Intracellular receptors are those found inside the cell, and include cytoplasmic receptors and nuclear receptors. [1]
Receptors may bind with some molecules (ligands) or may interact with physical agents like light, mechanical temperature, pressure, etc. Reception occurs when the target cell (any cell with a receptor protein specific to the signal molecule) detects a signal, usually in the form of a small, water-soluble molecule, via binding to a receptor ...
Receptor proteins on the cell surface have the ability to bind specific signaling molecules secreted by other cells. Cell signaling allows cells to communicate with adjacent cells, nearby cells and even distant cells . This binding induces a conformational change in the receptor which, in turn, elicits a response in the corresponding cell.
Extracellular receptors are integral transmembrane proteins and make up most receptors. They span the plasma membrane of the cell, with one part of the receptor on the outside of the cell and the other on the inside. Signal transduction occurs as a result of a ligand binding to the outside region of the receptor (the ligand does not pass ...
Integrins play an important role in cell signaling by modulating the cell signaling pathways of transmembrane protein kinases such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). While the interaction between integrin and receptor tyrosine kinases originally was thought of as uni-directional and supportive, recent studies indicate that integrins have ...
A common example of this is selectin-expressing cells in animals. Selectin is a receptor protein found on the membranes of leukocytes, platelet cells, and endothelial cells that binds membrane-bound glycans. [7] In response to an injury, endothelial cells will express selectin, which binds to glycans present on the leukocyte cell surface. [7]
Complement receptors: Complement proteins on e.g. microbes: Allow phagocytic and B cells to recognize microbes and immune complexes Fc receptors: Epitope-antibody complexes: Stimulate phagocytosis: B cell receptors: Epitopes: B cell differentiation into plasma cells and proliferation T cell receptors: Linear epitopes bound to MHC: Activate T ...