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The significance of chemotaxis in biology and clinical pathology was widely accepted in the 1930s, and the most fundamental definitions underlying the phenomenon were drafted by this time. [ by whom? ] The most important aspects in quality control of chemotaxis assays were described by H. Harris in the 1950s. [ 12 ]
Chemotaxis is a response elicited by chemicals: that is, a response to a chemical concentration gradient. [8] [7] [13] For example, chemotaxis in response to a sugar gradient has been observed in motile bacteria such as E. coli. [14]
In general terms, chemotaxis is a biological process where living entities, such as cells or organisms, detect, maneuver, and react in response to a chemical signal in their environment. [1] Such a phenomenon is critical for many biological processes, including but not limited to wound healing, detection of food, and avoidance of many toxins. [2]
For example, there are four well-characterised MCPs found in Escherichia coli: Tar (taxis towards aspartate and maltose, away from nickel and cobalt), Tsr (taxis towards serine, away from leucine, indole and weak acids), Trg (taxis towards galactose and ribose) and Tap (taxis towards dipeptides).
Other chemotaxis assay techniques Besides the above-mentioned two most commonly used family of techniques, a wide range of protocols were developed to measure chemotactic activity. Some of them are only qualitative, like aggregation tests, where small pieces of agar or filters are placed onto a slide and accumulation of cells around is measured.
These cellular movements can be directed by external stimuli, a phenomenon known as taxis. Examples include chemotaxis (movement along chemical gradients) and phototaxis (movement in response to light). Motility also includes physiological processes like gastrointestinal movements and peristalsis.
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[11] [12] For example, a tumbling distribution that depends on a chemical gradient can guide bacteria toward a food source or away from a repellant, a behavior referred to as chemotaxis. [13] Tumbles are typically faster than runs: tumbling events of E. Coli last about 0.1 seconds, compared to ~ 1 second for a run.