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The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is a concept in educational psychology that represents the space between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported and what the learner cannot do even with support. It is the range where the learner is able to perform, but only with support from a teacher or a peer with more knowledge or expertise.
The Zone of Proximal Development: Vygotsky introduced the concept of the ZPD which refers to the gap between a child's current level of development and the level they are capable of reaching with tools provided by others with more knowledge.
The zone of proximal development is the field between what a learner can do on their own (expert stage) and the most that can be achieved with the support of a knowledgeable peer or instructor (pedagogical stage). [15] [page needed] [16] Vygotsky was convinced that a child could be taught any subject efficiently using scaffolding practices by ...
Vygotsky, a psychologist and social constructivist, laid the foundation for the interactionists view of language acquisition.According to Vygotsky, social interaction plays an important role in the learning process and proposed the zone of proximal development (ZPD) where learners construct the new language through socially mediated interaction.
While similar models have been identified and represented throughout the study and development of teaching and learning as a construct, it was Pearson & Gallagher (1983) [3] who coined the phrase "gradual release of responsibility" to describe this dynamic in the classroom.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John B. Watson are typically cited as providing the foundation for modern developmental psychology. [7] In the mid-18th century, Jean Jacques Rousseau described three stages of development: infants (infancy), puer (childhood) and adolescence in Emile: Or, On Education.
Student development theory refers to a body of scholarship that seeks to understand and explain the developmental processes of how students learn, grow, and develop in post-secondary education. [1] [2] Student development theory has been defined as a “collection of theories related to college students that explain how they grow and develop ...
Bruner appears to have been influenced by Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist whose zone of proximal development is a similar concept. Later in the 1970s British linguist M.A.K. Halliday studied how language functions are expressed through grammar. [10] The development of communicative language teaching was bolstered by these academic ideas.