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Standard-quality 32 768 Hz resonators of this type are warranted to have a long-term accuracy of about six parts per million (0.0006%) at 31 °C (87.8 °F): that is, a typical quartz clock or wristwatch will gain or lose 15 seconds per 30 days (within a normal temperature range of 5 to 35 °C or 41 to 95 °F) or less than a half second clock ...
Although less accurate than existing quartz clocks, it served to prove the concept of an atomic clock. [206] The first accurate atomic clock, a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium-133 atom, was built by the English physicist Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in London. [207]
The first clock had an accuracy of 10 −11, and the last clock had an accuracy of 10 −15. The clocks were the first to use a caesium fountain , which was introduced by Jerrod Zacharias , and laser cooling of atoms, which was demonstrated by Dave Wineland and his colleagues in 1978.
Calling a clock the most accurate ever may sound like hyperbole, but physicists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado have built a pair of devices that can ...
The face may also include a second hand, which makes one revolution per minute. The term is less commonly used for the time display on digital clocks and watches. A second type of clock face is the 24-hour analog dial, widely used in military and other organizations that use 24-hour time. This is similar to the 12-hour dial above, except it has ...
The invention of the mechanical clock in the 13th century initiated a change in timekeeping methods from continuous processes, such as the motion of the gnomon's shadow on a sundial or the flow of liquid in a water clock, to periodic oscillatory processes, such as the swing of a pendulum or the vibration of a quartz crystal, [3] [79] which had ...