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[4]: 114 A DataFrame is a 2-dimensional data structure of rows and columns, similar to a spreadsheet, and analogous to a Python dictionary mapping column names (keys) to Series (values), with each Series sharing an index. [4]: 115 DataFrames can be concatenated together or "merged" on columns or indices in a manner similar to joins in SQL.
Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record.
These vectors capture information about the meaning of the word based on the surrounding words. The word2vec algorithm estimates these representations by modeling text in a large corpus . Once trained, such a model can detect synonymous words or suggest additional words for a partial sentence.
If parenthetical referencing is combined with alphabetic order of author names, studies have demonstrated this can lead to discrimination against authors with last names starting with a letter near the end of the alphabet, for funding and future citations. [12] Some style guides therefore suggest listing the authors chronologically instead.