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Polystyrene sulfonates are a group of medications used to treat high blood potassium. [1] Effects generally take hours to days. [1] They are also used to remove potassium, calcium, and sodium from solutions in technical applications. Common side effects include loss of appetite, gastrointestinal upset, constipation, and low blood calcium. [1]
[1] [2] Hyperkalemia can cause an abnormal heart rhythm which can result in cardiac arrest and death. [1] [3] Common causes of hyperkalemia include kidney failure, hypoaldosteronism, and rhabdomyolysis. [1] A number of medications can also cause high blood potassium including spironolactone, NSAIDs, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. [1]
Low potassium is caused by increased excretion of potassium, decreased consumption of potassium rich foods, movement of potassium into the cells, or certain endocrine diseases. [3] Excretion is the most common cause of hypokalemia and can be caused by diuretic use, metabolic acidosis , diabetic ketoacidosis , hyperaldosteronism , and renal ...
Potassium binders are medications that bind potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby preventing its intestinal absorption. This category formerly consisted solely of polystyrene sulfonate, a polyanionic resin attached to a cation, administered either orally or by retention enema to patients who are at risk of developing hyperkalaemia (abnormal high serum potassium levels).
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Patiromer was generally well tolerated in studies. Side effects that occurred in more than 2% of patients included in clinical trials were mainly gastro-intestinal problems such as constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and flatulence, and also hypomagnesemia (low levels of magnesium in the blood) in 5% of patients, because patiromer binds magnesium in the gut as well.
Constipation can cause discomfort for women, as they are still recovering from the delivery process especially if they have had a perineal tear or underwent an episiotomy. [65] Risk factors that increase the risk of constipation in this population include: [65] Damage to the levator ani muscles (pelvic floor muscles) during childbirth
Potassium chloride, also known as potassium salt, is used as a medication to treat and prevent low blood potassium. [2] Low blood potassium may occur due to vomiting, diarrhea, or certain medications. [3] The concentrated version should be diluted before use. [2] It is given by slow injection into a vein or by mouth. [4]