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Noting that any identity matrix is a rotation matrix, and that matrix multiplication is associative, we may summarize all these properties by saying that the n × n rotation matrices form a group, which for n > 2 is non-abelian, called a special orthogonal group, and denoted by SO(n), SO(n,R), SO n, or SO n (R), the group of n × n rotation ...
The set of all reflections in lines through the origin and rotations about the origin, together with the operation of composition of reflections and rotations, forms a group. The group has an identity: Rot(0). Every rotation Rot(φ) has an inverse Rot(−φ). Every reflection Ref(θ) is its own inverse. Composition has closure and is ...
While a rotation matrix is an orthogonal matrix = representing an element of () (the special orthogonal group), the differential of a rotation is a skew-symmetric matrix = in the tangent space (the special orthogonal Lie algebra), which is not itself a rotation matrix. An infinitesimal rotation matrix has the form
In geometry the rotation group is the group of all rotations about the origin of three-dimensional Euclidean space R 3 under the operation of composition. [1] By definition, a rotation about the origin is a linear transformation that preserves length of vectors (it is an isometry) and preserves orientation (i.e. handedness) of space.
That it is an orthogonal matrix means that its rows are a set of orthogonal unit vectors (so they are an orthonormal basis) as are its columns, making it simple to spot and check if a matrix is a valid rotation matrix. Above-mentioned Euler angles and axis–angle representations can be easily converted to a rotation matrix.
The composition of two rotations is itself a rotation. Let (a 1, b 1, c 1, d 1) and (a 2, b 2, c 2, d 2) be the Euler parameters of two rotations. The parameters for the compound rotation (rotation 2 after rotation 1) are as follows:
Rotations in 3D space are made mathematically much more tractable by the use of spherical coordinates. Any rotation in 3D can be characterized by a fixed axis of rotation and an invariant plane perpendicular to that axis. Without loss of generality, we can take the xy-plane as the invariant plane and the z-axis as the fixed axis.
The number of Euler angles needed to represent the group SO(n) is n(n − 1)/2, equal to the number of planes containing two distinct coordinate axes in n-dimensional Euclidean space. In SO(4) a rotation matrix is defined by two unit quaternions, and therefore has six degrees of freedom, three from each quaternion.
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