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During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30%. [22] These changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation. [24] Due to dilution, the net result is a decrease in hematocrit or hemoglobin, which are measures of red blood cell concentration.
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most deaths occur during the postnatal period. [62] Following the birth, if the mother had an episiotomy or a tearing of the perineum, it is stitched.
A spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) occurs when a pregnant woman goes into labor without the use of drugs or techniques to induce labor and delivers their baby without forceps, vacuum extraction, or a cesarean section. [1] An induced vaginal delivery is a delivery involving labor induction, where drugs or manual techniques are used to initiate ...
A score of 8 and above indicates induction of labor is favorable and the possibility of a vaginal delivery with induction will be similar to spontaneous labor. [ 10 ] Cervical effacement is an important component of the Bishop score and is reported as a percentage. 0% indicates the cervix is at normal length, 50% indicates the cervix is half of ...
Complications that occur primarily during childbirth are termed obstetric labor complications, and problems that occur primarily after childbirth are termed puerperal disorders. While some complications improve or are fully resolved after pregnancy, some may lead to lasting effects, morbidity, or in the most severe cases, maternal or fetal ...
Uterine contractions are a vital part of natural childbirth, [6] which occur during the process of labour and delivery, (typically this excludes caesarean section). These labour contractions are characterized by their rhythmic tightening and relaxation of the myometrium , the most prominent uterine muscle.
External rotation (or Restitution) occurs when the baby pauses after the head passes through the body. During this pause, the infant rotates itself sideways (facing the mother's thigh) to allow for the shoulder to fit though the birth canal. Expulsion is the final step of labor. During this stage, the anterior shoulder moves past the birth ...
As the fetal hypothalamus matures, the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis initiates labor through two hormonal mechanisms. The end pathway of both mechanisms lead to contractions in the myometrium, a mechanical cause of placental separation, which is due to the sheer force and contractile and involutive changes that occur within the uterus, distorting the placentome.