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Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is a condition defined by an abnormal enlargement of the cardiac muscle surrounding the right ventricle. The right ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart.
The electrical axis of the heart is the net direction in which the wave of depolarization travels. It is measured using an electrocardiogram (ECG).Normally, this begins at the sinoatrial node (SA node); from here the wave of depolarisation travels down to the apex of the heart.
Specifically, an increase in Q wave size, abnormalities in the P wave, as well as giant inverted T waves, are indicative of significant concentric hypertrophy. [13] Specific changes in repolarization and depolarization events are indicative of different underlying causes of hypertrophy and can assist in the appropriate management of the condition.
The mean, normal SA in healthy young adult females and males is 66° and 80°, respectively, [9] and very similar magnitudes are found in the elderly population (65 years and older). [10] In ECG analysis, the SA is categorized into normal (below 105°), borderline abnormal (105–135°) and abnormal (greater than 135°). [ 11 ]
Normal T wave. In electrocardiography, the T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles. The interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the apex of the T wave is referred to as the absolute refractory period. The last half of the T wave is referred to as the relative refractory period or vulnerable period.
Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG Histopathology of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm. Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.
When normal, the RV is about half the size of the left ventricle (LV). When strained, it can be as large as or larger than the LV. [5] An important potential finding with echo is McConnell's sign, where only the RV apex wall contracts; [7] it is specific for right heart strain and typically indicates a large PE. [8]
According to V. Gorshkov-Cantacuzene: "The U wave is the momentum carried by the blood in the coronary arteries and blood vessels". [4] [5] [6]The resistivity of stationary blood is expressed as () = | (+), where is a coefficient, and is the hematocrit; at that time, as during acceleration of the blood flow occurs a sharp decrease in the longitudinal resistance with small relaxation times.