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The New Testament counterpart to the Old Testament word for soul, nephesh, is psyche. The two words carry a similar range of meanings. [2] Both can designate the person or the person’s life as a whole. [12] For all uses and meanings of psyche/ψυχแผ , see Joseph Henry Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. [13]
Jesus is mentioned by Josephus in the Antiquities [142] and by Tacitus in his Annals. [143] There is also a reference to a 'Chresto' in Suetonius' The Twelve Ceasars, perhaps the historical Jesus of Nazareth. Mt. 1:1, Mk. 1:1, Lk. 1:31, Jn. 1:17: John the Baptist: Jewish itinerant preacher A Jewish itinerant preacher, known for having baptized ...
There is no concept of a human soul, or of eternal life, in the oldest parts of the Old Testament. [8] Death is the going-out of the breath which God once breathed into the dust, all men face the same fate in Sheol, a shadowy existence without knowledge or feeling (Job 14:13; Qoheloth 9:5), and there is no way that mortals can enter heaven. [8]
The Pauline letters were not intended to provide a narrative of the life of Jesus, but were written as expositions of Christian teachings. [151] [155] In Paul's view, the earthly life of Jesus was of lower importance than the theology of his death and resurrection, a theme that permeates Pauline writings. [156]
"Gospels" is the standard term for the four New Testament books carrying the names of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, each recounting the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (including his dealings with John the Baptist, his trial and execution, the discovery of his empty tomb, and, at least in three of them, his appearances to his disciples after his death).
The Hebrew scriptures were an important source for the New Testament authors. [13] There are 27 direct quotations in the Gospel of Mark, 54 in Matthew, 24 in Luke, and 14 in John, and the influence of the scriptures is vastly increased when allusions and echoes are included, [14] with half of Mark's gospel being made up of allusions to and citations of the scriptures. [15]
Virtually all scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed. [8] [9] [31] Historian Michael Grant asserts that if conventional standards of historical criticism are applied to the New Testament, "we can no more reject Jesus' existence than we can reject the existence of a mass of pagan personages whose reality as historical figures is never questioned."
The earliest New Testament texts which refer to Jesus, the Pauline epistles, are usually dated in the 50s CE. Since Paul records very little of Jesus' life and activities, these are of little help in determining facts about the life of Jesus, although they may contain references to information given to Paul from the eyewitnesses of Jesus. [118]