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The amount of dopant is usually measured in atomic percent. Usually the relative atomic percent is assumed in the calculations, taking into account that the dopant ion can substitute in only part of a site in a crystalline lattice. The doping can be also used to change the refraction index in optical fibers, especially in the double-clad fibers ...
Chemical dopants can be added to create artificial versions of the ruby, and all the other natural colors of sapphire, and in addition, other colors never seen in geological samples. Artificial sapphire material is identical to natural sapphire, except it can be made without the flaws that are found in natural stones.
Semiconductor doping with boron, phosphorus, or arsenic is a common application of ion implantation. When implanted in a semiconductor, each dopant atom can create a charge carrier in the semiconductor after annealing. A hole can be created for a p-type dopant, and an electron for an n-type dopant. This modifies the conductivity of the ...
Dopant activation is the process of obtaining the desired electronic contribution from impurity species in a semiconductor host. [1] The term is often restricted to the application of thermal energy following the ion implantation of dopants.
The concentration of impurity in the gas phase determines its concentration in the deposited film. Doping can also be achieved by a site-competition technique, where the growth precursor ratios are tuned to enhance the incorporation of vacancies, specific dopant species or vacant-dopant clusters into the lattice.
Two Indian chemical companies have been indicted for allegedly importing ingredients for the highly addictive opioid fentanyl into the United States and Mexico, the U.S. Department of Justice said ...
As the deadline for a potential TikTok ban in the U.S. approaches, billionaire and former Los Angeles Dodgers owner Frank McCourt's Project Liberty confirmed making a formal offer to Bytedance ...
From January 2008 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when John B. Hess joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a -17.6 percent return on your investment, compared to a -2.8 percent return from the S&P 500.