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For example, consider radical bromination of toluene: [5] bromination of toluene with hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water. This reaction takes place on water instead of an organic solvent and the bromine is obtained from oxidation of hydrobromic acid with hydrogen peroxide. An incandescent light bulb suffices to radicalize.
A halogen addition reaction is a simple organic reaction where a halogen molecule is added to the carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene functional group. [1]The general chemical formula of the halogen addition reaction is:
Bromination is more selective than chlorination because the reaction is less exothermic. Illustrative of the bromination of an alkene is the route to the anesthetic halothane from trichloroethylene: [6] Iodination and bromination can be effected by the addition of iodine and bromine to alkenes.
Benzyl bromide is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the benzyl groups when the less expensive benzyl chloride is insufficiently reactive. [6] [7] Benzylations are often achieved in the presence of catalytic amounts of sodium iodide, which generates the more reactive benzyl iodide in situ. [3]
Bromination of metals with Br 2 tends to yield lower oxidation states than chlorination with Cl 2 when a variety of oxidation states is available. Bromides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydrobromic acid, and then dehydrated by mildly high temperatures combined with either low pressure or ...
For example, when heated with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of AIBN, toluene converts to benzyl bromide. The same conversion can be effected with elemental bromine in the presence of UV light or even sunlight. Toluene may also be brominated by treating it with HBr and H 2 O 2 in the presence of light. [31] C 6 H 5 CH 3 + Br 2 → C 6 ...
For example, phenols and anilines react quickly with chlorine and bromine water to give multihalogenated products. Many detailed laboratory procedures are available. [ 5 ] For alkylbenzene derivatives, e.g. toluene , the alkyl positions tend to be halogenated by free radical conditions, whereas ring halogenation is favored in the presence of ...
For example, hexanoyl chloride 1 can be brominated in the alpha-position by NBS using acid catalysis. [10] The reaction of enolates, enol ethers, or enol acetates with NBS is the preferred method of α-bromination as it is high-yielding with few side-products. [11] [12]