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Chloroquine (CQ) then becomes protonated (to CQ 2+), as the digestive vacuole is known to be acidic (pH 4.7); chloroquine then cannot leave by diffusion. Chloroquine caps hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme, thus leading to heme buildup. Chloroquine binds to heme (or FP) to form the FP-chloroquine complex; this ...
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate lumps or masses. In this technique, a thin (23–25 gauge (0.52 to 0.64 mm outer diameter)), hollow needle is inserted into the mass for sampling of cells that, after being stained , are examined under a microscope ( biopsy ).
Chloroquine was, until recently, the most widely used anti-malarial. It was the original prototype from which most methods of treatment are derived. It is also the least expensive, best tested and safest of all available drugs.
FNA: fine-needle aspiration: FNAB: fine-needle aspiration biopsy: FNAC: fine-needle aspiration cytology: FNC: full nursing care: FND: Functional neurologic disorder: FNH: focal nodular hyperplasia: FOB: Foot of Bed, father of baby, Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy FOBT: fecal occult blood test: FOF: found on floor (patient fell out of bed) FOP ...
Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have numerous, potentially serious, side effects, such as retinopathy, hypoglycemia, or life-threatening arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. [26] Both drugs have extensive interactions with prescription drugs, affecting the therapeutic dose and disease mitigation.
Hydroxychloroquine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955. [3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [6] In 2022, it was the 112th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5 million prescriptions. [7] [8]
It is approved in the United States as a treatment and preventive measure against malaria. [6] The combination is considered to be more effective in treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum than that caused by P. vivax, for which chloroquine is considered more effective, though in the absence of a species-specific diagnosis, the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination may be indicated. [7]
Examples include amodiaquine, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine. [3] Other uses for the derivatives are: anti-asthmatic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents. [1] A patent application for 4-aminoquinoline compounds was filed in 2002 and published in 2005. [4]