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Animation of XMM-Newton 's trajectory around Earth. XMM-Newton, also known as the High Throughput X-ray Spectroscopy Mission and the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission, is an X-ray space observatory launched by the European Space Agency in December 1999 on an Ariane 5 rocket. It is the second cornerstone mission of ESA's Horizon 2000 programme.
PSR B0943+10 is a pulsar 2,000 light years from Earth [2] in the direction of the constellation of Leo. [4] It was discovered at Pushchino in December 1968, becoming the first pulsar discovered by Soviet astronomers. [5] [6] The original designation of this pulsar was PP 0943. [1]
The XMM Cluster Survey (XCS) is a serendipitous X-ray galaxy cluster survey being conducted using archival data taken by ESA’s XMM-Newton satellite. Galaxy clusters trace the large scale structure of the universe, and their number density evolution with redshift provides a way to measure cosmological parameters, independent of cosmic microwave background experiments or supernovae cosmology ...
Higher-order terms can be added to increase accuracy, but for strong fields sometimes it is preferable to solve the complete equations numerically. This method is a common mark of effective field theories. In the limit, when the small parameters are equal to 0, the post-Newtonian expansion reduces to Newton's law of gravity.
10 −22: 170 yN Force measured in a 2010 experiment by perturbing 60 beryllium-9 ions [4] [5] 10 −18 attonewton (aN) 10 −17: 30 aN Smallest force of gravity measured [6] [7] 10 −15 femtonewton (fN) 10 −14 ~10 fN Brownian motion force on an E. coli bacterium averaged over 1 second [8] ~10 fN Weight of an E. coli bacterium [9] [10] 10 ...
[10] [11] [12] With a mass above 5 μeV/ c 2 (10 −11 times the electron mass) axions could account for dark matter, and thus be both a dark-matter candidate and a solution to the strong CP problem. If inflation occurs at a low scale and lasts sufficiently long, the axion mass can be as low as 1 peV/ c 2 .
The instrument consisted of four detectors based on spectroscopic MWPCs, making an effective area of 2,400 cm 2 at 10 keV and 800 cm 2 at 100 keV. The time resolution was 200 microseconds. [25] The X-ray spectrometer aboard ISEE-3 was designed to study both solar flares and cosmic gamma-ray bursts over the energy range 5-228 keV. The experiment ...
That force is the net force. [1] When forces act upon an object, they change its acceleration. The net force is the combined effect of all the forces on the object's acceleration, as described by Newton's second law of motion. When the net force is applied at a specific point on an object, the associated torque can be calculated.