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The skin (integument) is a composite organ, made up of at least two major layers of tissue: the epidermis and the dermis. [2] The epidermis is the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. It is separated from the dermis by the basement membrane (basal lamina and reticular lamina).
The gland alveolus is a sac-shaped structure that is found on the bottom or base region of the granular gland. The cells in this sac specialize in secretion. Between the alveolar gland and the duct is the intercalary system which can be summed up as a transitional region connecting the duct to the grand alveolar beneath the epidermal skin layer.
Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body.
This structure is commonly called "dermal armor" and serves to protect the organism, while also helping with temperature regulation. Osteoderms represent hard tissue components of the integument, making them easy to identify in fossil examination. [2] This dermal armor is found prominently in many lizards.
This can be done in terms of the chemical elements present, or by molecular structure e.g., water, protein, fats (or lipids), hydroxyapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA. In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, fat, connective tissue, muscle, bone, etc.
To better understand the structure of avian skin, avian skin has been broken down into three different functional components: hydraulic skeleto-muscular apparatus of the feathers; This functional component consists of the only of the structural features of the feather tracts, namely the cutis, and connective tissue layer fascia superficialis ...
The subcutaneous tissue (from Latin subcutaneous ' beneath the skin '), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (from Greek ' beneath the skin '), subcutis, or superficial fascia, [2] is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. [3]
The term is derived from integumentum, which is Latin for "a covering". In a transferred, or figurative sense, it could mean a cloak or a disguise. [2] In English, "integument" is a fairly modern word, its origin having been traced back to the early seventeenth century; and refers to a material or layer with which anything is enclosed, clothed, or covered in the sense of "clad" or "coated", as ...