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Collision theory is a principle of chemistry used to predict the rates of chemical reactions. It states that when suitable particles of the reactant hit each other with the correct orientation, only a certain amount of collisions result in a perceptible or notable change; these successful changes are called successful collisions.
The formation of giant planets is an outstanding problem in the planetary sciences. [22] In the framework of the solar nebular model two theories for their formation exist. The first one is the disk instability model, where giant planets form in the massive protoplanetary disks as a result of its gravitational fragmentation (see above). [58]
Animation of collision between Earth (blue) and Theia (black), forming the Moon (red and gray). Bodies are not to scale. According to the giant impact hypothesis, Theia orbited the Sun, nearly along the orbit of the proto-Earth, by staying close to one or the other of the Sun-Earth system's two more stable Lagrangian points (i.e., either L 4 or ...
The general equation can then be written as [6] = + + (),. where the "force" term corresponds to the forces exerted on the particles by an external influence (not by the particles themselves), the "diff" term represents the diffusion of particles, and "coll" is the collision term – accounting for the forces acting between particles in collisions.
Transition state theory explains the dynamics of reactions. The theory is based on the idea that there is an equilibrium between the activated complex and reactant molecules. The theory incorporates concepts from collision theory, which states that for a reaction to occur, reacting molecules must collide with a minimum energy and correct ...
Collision frequency describes the rate of collisions between two atomic or molecular species in a given volume, per unit time. In an ideal gas , assuming that the species behave like hard spheres, the collision frequency between entities of species A and species B is: [ 1 ]
A classical molecular dynamics computer simulation of a collision cascade in Au induced by a 10 keV Au self-recoil. This is a typical case of a collision cascade in the heat spike regime. Each small sphere illustrates the position of an atom, in a 2-atom-layer-thick cross section of a three-dimensional simulation cell.
The original ionisation event liberates one electron, and each subsequent collision liberates a further electron, so two electrons emerge from each collision to sustain the avalanche. In electromagnetism , the Townsend discharge or Townsend avalanche is an ionisation process for gases where free electrons are accelerated by an electric field ...