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The French Revolution of 1848 brought an end to the monarchy again, instituting a brief Second Republic that lasted four years, before its President declared himself Emperor Napoleon III, who was deposed and replaced by the Third Republic, and ending monarchic rule in France for good.
Following the French Revolution (1789–1799), Napoleon Bonaparte became ruler of France. After years of expansion of his French Empire by successive military victories, a coalition of European powers defeated him in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ended the First Empire in 1814, and restored the monarchy to the brothers of Louis XVI. The first ...
Napoleon, the Jews, and the Sanhedrin. Philadelphia 1979. Taieb, Julien. "From Maimonides to Napoleon: The True and the Normative." Global Jurist 7.1 (2007). Tozzi, Christopher. "Jews, soldiering, and citizenship in revolutionary and Napoleonic France." The Journal of Modern History 86.2 (2014): 233-257. Trigano, Shmuel. "The French Revolution ...
After the fall of Napoleon III in 1870, France faced political fragmentation. In the 1871 legislative elections, royalists won a majority in the National Assembly, with a split between Legitimists supporting Henri d'Artois and Orléanists backing Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Paris. The Orléanists agreed to support the Count of Chambord's ...
Charles' grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, the last Bourbon claimant of the French crown, was proclaimed by some Henry V, but the French monarchy was never restored. Following the 1870 collapse of the Second French Empire of Emperor Napoleon III, Henri was offered a restored throne.
Napoleon III with the French forces at the Battle of Solferino, which secured the Austrian withdrawal from Italy. He was horrified by the casualties and ended the war soon after the battle. Napoleon III, though he had very little military experience, decided to lead the French army in Italy himself.
Monarchism in France is the advocacy of restoring the monarchy (mostly constitutional monarchy) in France, which was abolished after the 1870 defeat by Prussia, arguably before that in 1848 with the establishment of the French Second Republic. The French monarchist movements are roughly divided today in three groups:
The Kingdom of France was a center of Jewish learning in the Middle Ages, producing influential Jewish scholars such as Rashi and even hosting theological debates between Jews and Christians. Widespread persecution began in the 11th century and increased intermittently throughout the Middle Ages, with multiple expulsions and returns.