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Rust converters are chemical solutions or primers that can be applied directly to an iron or iron alloy surface to convert iron oxides into a protective chemical barrier. These compounds interact with iron oxides, especially iron(III) oxide , converting them into an adherent black layer ( black oxide ) that is more resistant to moisture and ...
A restored gesso panel representing St. Martin of Tours, from St. Michael and All Angels Church, Lyndhurst, Hampshire. Gesso (Italian pronunciation:; 'chalk', from the Latin: gypsum, from Greek: γύψος), also known as "glue gesso" or "Italian gesso", [1] is a white paint mixture used to coat rigid surfaces such as wooden painting panels or masonite as a permanent absorbent primer substrate ...
oil ground was a lean lead-based primer, no longer used due to being a health hazard, modern "oil ground" is actually alkyd; genuine gesso ground is a lean ground typically used on top of the boards; half-chalk ground; acrylic ground is made of acrylic resin with titanium white pigment (a "clear gesso" is actually an acrylic without the pigment).
Primers are used on metal hydroxides/oxides to improve the surface condition and to encourage bonding. Without a primer, paint applied to metals are prone to peeling. [6] Special kinds of primer (rust-converters) can be used to chemically convert rust to the solid metal salts. [7] This process is not recommended for structural steel.
However, since the 14th century, silverpoint was used more successfully on prepared supports. A traditional ground may be prepared with a rabbit skin glue solution pigmented with bone ash, chalk and/or lead white. Contemporary grounds include acrylic gesso, gouache and commercially prepared claycoat papers. The slight tooth of the ground ...
The chromate coating process starts with a redox reaction between the hexavalent chromium and the metal. [2] In the case of aluminum, for example, Cr 6+ + Al 0 → Cr 3+ + Al 3+ The resulting trivalent cations react with hydroxide ions in water to form the corresponding hydroxides, or a solid solution of both hydroxides: Cr 3+ + 3 OH − → Cr ...