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In Hebrew orthography, niqqud or nikud (Hebrew: נִקּוּד, Modern: nikúd, Tiberian: niqqūḏ, "dotting, pointing" or Hebrew: נְקֻדּוֹת, Modern: nekudót, Tiberian: nəquddōṯ, "dots") is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet.
Gen. 1:9 And God said, "Let the waters be collected". Letters in black, pointing in red, cantillation in blue [1] Hebrew orthography includes three types of diacritics: . Niqqud in Hebrew is the way to indicate vowels, which are omitted in modern orthography, using a set of ancillary glyphs.
In vowelled text, the niqqud indicate the correct vowels, but when the niqqud is missing, the text is difficult to read, and the reader must make use of the context of each word to know the correct reading. A typical example of a Hebrew text written in ktiv haser is the Torah, read in synagogues (simply called the Torah reading).
In modern Hebrew there are words which are homophones and homographs in spelling without niqqud, but are written differently with niqqud, the difference being segol and tzere. For example, עֶרֶב evening and עֵרֶב weft are both pronounced [ˈʕeʁev] and written ערב without niqqud (these words also have different etymology).
Holam male is, in general, the most common way to write the /o/ sound in modern spelling with niqqud. If a word has Holam male in spelling with niqqud, the mater lectionis letter vav is without any exception retained in spelling without niqqud, both according to the spelling rules of the Academy of the Hebrew Language and in common practice.
Hiriq, also called Chirik (Hebrew: חִירִיק ḥiriq IPA:) is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a single dot ִ underneath the letter. In Modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme /i/ which is similar to the "ee" sound in the English word deep and is transliterated with "i".
Ktiv hasar niqqud or Ktiv male ("spelling lacking niqqud" "full spelling"): This is the dominant system of spelling in Israel, personal correspondence, movie subtitles, etc. [2] Ktiv Male is created to be a niqqud-less spelling that uses matres lectionis (consonant that are also used as vowels: alef, he, vav, yud) instead of the vowel pointers.
The Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet are found in the following tables. The Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB4F. It includes letters , ligatures , combining diacritical marks ( niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation .