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The sonata form (also sonata-allegro form or first movement form) is a musical structure generally consisting of three main sections: an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation. It has been used widely since the middle of the 18th century (the early Classical period ).
Ludwig van Beethoven wrote 32 mature piano sonatas between 1795 and 1822. (He also wrote 3 juvenile sonatas at the age of 13 [1] and one unfinished sonata, WoO. 51.)Although originally not intended to be a meaningful whole, as a set they comprise one of the most important collections of works in the history of music. [2]
Portrait of composer C.P.E. Bach. The older Italian sonata form differs considerably from the later sonata in the works of the Viennese Classical masters. [1] Between the two main types, the older Italian and the more "modern" Viennese sonata, various transitional types are manifest in the middle of the 18th century, in the works of the Mannheim composers, Johann Stamitz, Franz Xaver Richter ...
The second movement is in ternary form (or sonata form without development [4]).It opens with a highly ornamented lyrical theme in 3 4 time in F major (mm. 1–16). This is followed by a more agitated, 5-measure transitional passage in D minor (mm. 17–22) accompanied by quiet parallel thirds, followed by a passage full of thirty-second notes in C major (mm. 23–31). [4]
The third movement usually follows a dance-like form, such as Minuet [or Scherzo] and Trio form. It is commonly written in the home key. Or, if used as the last movement, is in a fast tempo such as prestissimo, presto, or vivace. Like in Beethoven's "Pathetique" sonata Op.13 Third Movement
Like Mozart's, Beethoven's musical talent was recognized at a young age, [3] and these three piano sonatas give an early glimpse of the composer's abilities, as well as his boldness. Beethoven was writing in a form usually attempted by older, more mature composers, [ 4 ] as the sonata was a cornerstone of Classical piano literature.
The first movement is in typical sonata form.The exposition starts in the tonic key and transitions into the dominant key as the second theme begins. The development plays around with the closing measures of the exposition before making the right hand play arpeggios as the bass line slowly descends chromatically.