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Chitin structure and diversity in fungi. Chitin is a β (1,4)-homopolymer of N -acetylglucosamine that folds in an anti-parallel manner forming intra-chain hydrogen bonds. Chitin chains are cross-linked covalently to β (1,3)-glucan (green) to form the inner skeleton of most fungi.
Recognition of chitin plays a major role in plant immunity to fungi. Two major chitin PRRs have been characterized. The chitin binding protein LysM-receptor-like protein CEBiP was first identified in rice, while in Arabidopsis, chitin-triggered plasmodesmatal closure is induced by LysM-receptor kinase LYK4 (8, 184, 185) . Plants and fungi have ...
Chitin is a large, structural polysaccharide made from chains of modified glucose. Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of insects, the cell walls of fungi, and certain hard structures in invertebrates and fish. In terms of abundance, chitin is second to only cellulose.
Most fungi have a common inner wall skeleton of chitin and β-glucans that functions as a flexible viscoelastic frame to which a more diverse set of outer cell wall polymers and glycosylated...
Chitin, one of the most common polysaccharides in nature, is produced by fungi, insects, fish, etc. Chitin is a linear N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) polymer with β-1,4-linkage and is...
Chitin-directed organization of the cell wall layers allows the fungal cell to effectively monitor and interact with the external environment. For fungal pathogens, this interaction includes maintaining cellular strategies to avoid excessive detection by the host innate immune system.
In many pathogenic fungi including A. fumigatus, C. albicans, and C. neoformans, chitin synthase gene expression and activity, as well as overall chitin production, while always required for basal growth, are increased in response to external stimuli that induce cell wall stress.
Chitin and chitosan utilization in fungi. Chitin has been frequently used as carbon source for fungi that have many chitinases, e.g. mycoparasites. However, although mycoparasitic Trichoderma spp. have many chitinolytic enzymes, chitin is not a good substrate for these fungi (Gruber et al. 2011a).
Chitin structure and diversity in fungi. Chitin is a β (1,4)-homopolymer of N -acetylglucosamine that folds in an anti-parallel manner forming intra-chain hydrogen bonds. Chitin chains are cross-linked covalently to β (1,3)-glucan (green) to form the inner skeleton of most fungi.
Chitin is one of the most important carbohydrates of the fungal cell wall, and is synthesized by chitin synthases. Chitin can be degraded by chitinases, which are important virulence factors in pathogenic fungi.