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  2. Terrain cartography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain_cartography

    The Tanaka (relief) contours technique is a method used to illuminate contour lines in order to help visualize terrain. Lines are highlighted or shaded depending on their relationship to a light source in the Northwest. If the object being illustrated would shadow a section of contour line, that contour would be represented with a black band.

  3. Peak ground acceleration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration

    Peak ground acceleration (PGA) is equal to the maximum ground acceleration that occurred during earthquake shaking at a location. PGA is equal to the amplitude of the largest absolute acceleration recorded on an accelerogram at a site during a particular earthquake. [1] Earthquake shaking generally occurs in all three directions.

  4. Tanaka and Johnston analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaka_and_Johnston_analysis

    Tanaka and Johnston analysis is a mixed dentition analysis which allows one to estimate the space available in an arch for the permanent teeth to erupt. This analysis was developed by Marvin M. Tanaka and Lysle E. Johnston in 1974 after they conducted a study on 506 orthodontic patients done in Cleveland at the Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine.

  5. Contour line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_line

    A contour line (also isoline, isopleth, isoquant or isarithm) of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value, so that the curve joins points of equal value. [1][2] It is a plane section of the three-dimensional graph of the function parallel to the -plane. More generally, a contour line for a function of ...

  6. Conformal map projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_map_projection

    A contour chart of scale factors of GS50 projection Maps reflecting directions, such as a nautical chart or an aeronautical chart , are projected by conformal projections. Maps treating values whose gradients are important, such as a weather map with atmospheric pressure , are also projected by conformal projections.

  7. Isopach map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopach_map

    Isopach map showing true stratigraphic thickness of Holocene sediments deposited offshore of Pacifica, California. An isopach map (/ ˈaɪsoʊpæk /) illustrates thickness variations within a tabular unit, layer or stratum. Isopachs are contour lines of equal thickness over an area. Isopach maps are utilized in hydrographic survey, stratigraphy ...

  8. Bathymetric chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathymetric_chart

    A bathymetric chart is a type of isarithmic map that depicts the submerged bathymetry and physiographic features of ocean and sea bottoms. [1] Their primary purpose is to provide detailed depth contours of ocean topography as well as provide the size, shape and distribution of underwater features. Topographic maps display elevation above ground ...

  9. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Bathymetric_Chart...

    The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) is a publicly available bathymetric chart of the world's oceans. The project was conceived with the aim of preparing a global series of charts showing the general shape of the seafloor. Over the years it has become a reference map of the bathymetry of the world's oceans for scientists and others.