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x86_64 GNU/Linux indicates that you've a 64bit Linux kernel running. If you use see i386/i486/i586/i686 it is a 32 bit kernel. To determine if the hardware is capable of running a 64-bit kernel. grep flags /proc/cpuinfo Look for the following in the output (all flags retrieved from this stackoverflow answer for the same question )
Does the GNU Linux kernel downloadable from www.kernel.org comes with all the hardware architecture like arm, amd, ppc etc? In the arch folder, I couldnt find any architecture like amd64 ( the 64 bit intel architecture ) or is it referred as something else.
A typical monolithic kernel was the SunOS-4.x kernel and Linux is still similar, as you manually configure the content of the basic kernel. The Solaris kernel (starting with 2.1 on 1992) cannot be called monolithic anymore as all drivers are loaded automatically on demand and only a tiny part is loaded during the initial boot.
The kernel architecture isn’t particularly significant here. On Debian derivatives, the expansion of multi-arch to cover cross-compilation means that it’s getting easier to build binaries for any supported Debian architecture, on any Debian system; but that’s a fairly specific use-case and still requires a reasonable level of familiarity ...
dpkg --print-architecture is the right tool if you want to find out for which architectures binaries can be installed on the system (Application Binary Interface, ABI). Note that on so called multi-arch systems that's more than one architecture. Example: A Debian PC might be running a 64 bit kernel on a 64 bit CPU and mixed 32/64 bit software.
This command can be used to determine what platform your kernel was built to support. For example: 64-bit kernel $ uname -a Linux grinchy 2.6.35.14-106.fc14.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Nov 23 13:07:52 UTC 2011 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux 32-bit kernel
BSD* kernel and Linux kernel have both evolved from a purely monolithic approach to something hybrid/modular. Still, there are fundamental differences in their approach and history: BSD-kernel are using BSD licence and Linux-kernel is using GPL licences. BSD-kernel are not stand-alone kernels but are developed as being part of a whole.
"Linux" proper is only the kernel. When we talk about "Linux" as an operating system, it is a conflation of the kernel and all of the other software that is distributed with it in a Linux distribution. The switch between user and kernel mode happens when you make a system call, which is any of the functions documented in manual section 2.
The architecture is the processor type. There are only a relatively small number of architectures. All processor types that execute the same user code are classified as the same architecture, even though there may be several different ways to compile the kernel; for example x86 and powerpc are a single architecture but the kernel can be compiled using the 32-bit instruction set or the 64-bit ...
A given kernel is built for a single architecture, so it has a single implementation of setup_arch. The generic start_kernel calls that, but it doesn’t pass an initialised pointer to the command line, it passes a pointer to a pointer to the command line, and it’s part of setup_arch ’s job to initialise that pointer.