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Salpingitis is an infection causing inflammation in the fallopian tubes (also called salpinges). It is often included in the umbrella term of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), along with endometritis, oophoritis, myometritis, parametritis, and peritonitis. [1] [2]
During an infertility work-up a hysterosalpingogram, an X-ray procedure that uses a contrast agent to image the fallopian tubes, shows the retort-like shape of the distended tubes and the absence of spillage of the dye into the peritoneum. If, however, there is a tubal occlusion at the utero-tubal junction, a hydrosalpinx may go undetected.
The diagnosis is typically based on the presenting signs and symptoms. [2] It is recommended that the disease be considered in all women of childbearing age who have lower abdominal pain. [2] A definitive diagnosis of PID is made by finding pus involving the fallopian tubes during surgery. [2] Ultrasound may also be useful in diagnosis. [2]
Leukorrhea can be confirmed by finding >10 WBC per high-power field under a microscope when examining vaginal fluid. [6] Vaginal discharge is normal, and causes of change in discharge include infection, malignancy, and hormonal changes. It sometimes occurs before an adolescent female has her first period, and is considered a sign of puberty.
[7] [8] The term sexually transmitted infection is generally preferred over sexually transmitted disease or venereal disease, as it includes cases with no symptomatic disease. [9] Symptoms and signs of STIs may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. [1] Some STIs can cause infertility. [1]
It is characterized by nodular thickening of the tunica muscularis of the narrow (isthmic) portion of the fallopian tube. In severe cases, it leads to complete obliteration of the tubal lumen. It is uncommonly bilateral. [2] Gross findings: One or more nodules 1–2 mm, spanning up to 2 cm
Endometriosis can lead to ovarian cysts (endometriomas), adhesions, and damage to the fallopian tubes or ovaries, all of which can interfere with ovulation and fertilization. Treatment for endometriosis often includes hormonal therapies, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to remove the endometrial tissue.
Most infected men with symptoms have inflammation of the penile urethra associated with a burning sensation during urination and discharge from the penis. [19] In men, discharge with or without burning occurs in half of all cases and is the most common symptom of the infection. [ 22 ]