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The gut–brain axis, a bidirectional neurohumoral communication system, is important for maintaining homeostasis and is regulated through the central and enteric nervous systems and the neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways, and especially including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis). [2]
The phenomenon of the gut–memory connection is based on and part of the idea of the gut-brain axis, a complex communication network, linking the central nervous system to the gut. The gut-brain axis first gained significant momentum in research and formal recognition in the 20th century with advancements in neuroscience and gastroenterology ...
The brain-gut axis is a bidirectional mechanism in which psychosocial factors influence the GI tract and vice versa. Specifically, the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain influence GI activity and immune cell function, and the microbes within the gut regulate mood, cognition, and mental health. [29]
Layers of the Alimentary Canal.The wall of the alimentary canal has four basic tissue layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The enteric nervous system in humans consists of some 500 million neurons [11] (including the various types of Dogiel cells), [1] [12] 0.5% of the number of neurons in the brain, five times as many as the one hundred million neurons in the human spinal ...
The mechanisms of autism are divided into two main areas: pathophysiology of brain structures and processes, and neuropsychological linkages between brain structures and behaviors, with multiple pathophysiologies linked to various autism behaviors. [10] Evidence suggests gut–brain axis abnormalities may contribute to autism.
The key cellular components of the neuroimmune system are glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. [1] [2] [5] Unlike other hematopoietic cells of the peripheral immune system, mast cells naturally occur in the brain where they mediate interactions between gut microbes, the immune system, and the central nervous system as part of the microbiota–gut–brain axis.
Neuroendocrinology is the branch of biology (specifically of physiology) which studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system; i.e. how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body. [1]
Mechanistically, diet influences mental health through multiple pathways, including the Gut–brain axis, inflammatory responses, Oxidative stress, and Neurotrophic factors. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in producing neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine , regulating immune function and reducing systemic inflammation, all of ...