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A nabothian cyst (or nabothian follicle) [1] is a mucus-filled cyst on the surface of the cervix. They are most often caused when stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix (portion nearest to the vagina) grows over the simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix (portion nearest to the uterus). This tissue growth can block the cervical ...
Cervical stenosis may be present from birth or may be caused by other factors: Surgical procedures performed on the cervix such as colposcopy, cone biopsy, or a cryosurgery procedure [3] Trauma to the cervix [3] Repeated vaginal infections [3] Atrophy of the cervix after menopause [3] Cervical cancer [1] Radiation [1] Cervical nabothian cysts
After menopause, the uterine structures involute and the functional squamocolumnar junction moves into the cervical canal. [17]: 41 Nabothian cysts (or Nabothian follicles) form in the transformation zone where the lining of metaplastic epithelium has replaced mucous epithelium and caused a strangulation of the outlet of some of the mucous glands.
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal. [2] They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding but often show no symptoms. Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good. About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer.
A Bartholin's cyst occurs when a Bartholin's gland within the labia becomes blocked. [4] Small cysts may result in minimal or no symptoms. [1] Larger cysts may result in swelling on one side of the vaginal opening, as well as pain during sex or walking. [4] If the cyst becomes infected, an abscess can occur, which is typically red and very ...
If the cystocele causes few symptoms, avoiding heavy lifting or straining may be all that is recommended. [1] In those with more significant symptoms a vaginal pessary, pelvic muscle exercises, or surgery may be recommended. [1] The type of surgery typically done is known as a colporrhaphy. [11] The condition becomes more common with age. [1]
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
Other types of cancer include cervical cancer; bleeding in that case can sometimes be triggered by postcoital bleeding. Cancers of the vagina or fallopian tubes are rare causes of hemorrhage. Uterine fibroids represent a common, benign condition that may lead to bleeding, specifically if the lesion affects the uterine cavity.