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These genetically modified plants with Bt protein are grown on a large scale around the world. [2] Monsanto's corn line MON 810 is produced by ballistically transforming another corn line with a plasmid, PV-ZMCT10. [3] This plasmid has a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and hsp70 maize intron sequences which drive the expression of the ...
Bt maize / Bt corn is a variant of maize that has been genetically altered to express one or more proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis [8] including Delta endotoxins. The protein is poisonous to certain insect pests. Spores of the bacillus are widely used in organic gardening, [9] although GM corn is not considered organic.
MON 802 is an Insect Resistant maize under license from Monsanto Company. [2] Corn line MON802 was developed through genetic modification to be tolerant [3] to glyphosate herbicide and protect the plant from the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) (the Bt trait).
Non-target organisms were unaffected, except for lower populations some parasitoid wasps due to decreased populations of their pest host European corn borer; European corn borer is a target of Lepidoptera active Bt maize. Biogeochemical parameters such as lignin content did not vary, while biomass decomposition was higher.
In 1999, a paper stated that, in a laboratory environment, pollen from Bt maize dusted onto milkweed could harm the monarch butterfly. [276] A collaborative research exercise over the following two years by several groups of scientists in the US and Canada studied the effects of Bt pollen in both the field and the laboratory.
In 2013, a second issue being seen across the world, was the development of Bt resistant pests limiting the usefulness of Bt crops. [ 15 ] Main drivers for the widespread resistance in India and China included the high proportion of Bt cotton being planted, 90% and 95% respectively in 2011, [ 9 ] [ 16 ] and few refuge areas.
Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. [79] In 2020, total world production was 1.16 billion tonnes , led by the United States with 31.0% of the total (table).
Maize uses the C 4 pathway, minimizing photorespiration The vast majority of plants are C3, meaning they photorespire when necessary. Certain species of plants or algae have mechanisms to lower the uptake of molecular oxygen by RuBisCO.