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MDMA/citalopram is a combination of the entactogen and monoamine releasing agent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; also known as midomafetamine or "ecstasy") and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram which is under development for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
"Recreational Use of Ecstasy Causes New Brain Damage: Trend to sequential doses of popular drug can have long-term lasting effects". The JHU Gazette (Johns Hopkins University Gazette). 32 (5). Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America: Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017
Administration of MDMA to mice causes DNA damage in their brain, [83] especially when the mice are sleep deprived. [84] Even at the very low doses that are comparable to those self-administered by humans, MDMA causes oxidative stress and both single and double-strand breaks in the DNA of the hippocampus region of the mouse brain. [85]
When 16-year-old Amy Thomson made the decision to take one capsule of crystal MDMA, her life changed forever. Upon taking the drug at a party in Glasgow, she was rushed to the hospital and left ...
Ricaurte's retracted article on the neurotoxicity of ecstasy, originally published in Science, received attention after its findings suggested that a single night's use of MDMA could cause dopamine dysfunction. These results were considered surprising, as MDMA primarily increases the activity of serotonin. [2]
MDMA is part of the amphetamine family and elicits its positive effects by altering brain serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter levels. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] As the drug begins to take effect, the brain becomes flooded with serotonin which can then become depleted within 3–6 hours following consumption. [ 14 ]
A common theory follows that a metabolite of MDA and MDMA in the periphery must be responsible, and several have been cited as responsible. Although α-methyldopamine is widely cited as the source of this neurotoxicity in a number of lay sources, McCann, et al. (1991), demonstrated that the major metabolites α-methyldopamine and 3- O -methyl ...
[3] [4] [5] Methamphetamine psychosis, or long-term effects of stimulant use in the brain (at the molecular level), depend upon genetics and may persist for months or years. [6] Psychosis may also result from withdrawal from stimulants, particularly when psychotic symptoms were present during use. [7]