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Fermat's factorization method, named after Pierre de Fermat, is based on the representation of an odd integer as the difference of two squares: N = a 2 − b 2 . {\displaystyle N=a^{2}-b^{2}.} That difference is algebraically factorable as ( a + b ) ( a − b ) {\displaystyle (a+b)(a-b)} ; if neither factor equals one, it is a proper ...
Shanks' square forms factorization is a method for integer factorization devised by Daniel Shanks as an improvement on Fermat's factorization method. The success of Fermat's method depends on finding integers x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} such that x 2 − y 2 = N {\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{2}=N} , where N {\displaystyle N} is the ...
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It was while researching perfect numbers that he discovered Fermat's little theorem. He invented a factorization method—Fermat's factorization method—and popularized the proof by infinite descent, which he used to prove Fermat's right triangle theorem which includes as a corollary Fermat's Last Theorem for the case n = 4.
For a positive integer a, if a composite integer x divides a x−1 − 1, then x is called a Fermat pseudoprime to base a. [ 1 ] : Def. 3.32 In other words, a composite integer is a Fermat pseudoprime to base a if it successfully passes the Fermat primality test for the base a . [ 2 ]
Therefore, to prove that Fermat's equation has no solutions for n > 2, it suffices to prove that it has no solutions for n = 4 and for all odd primes p. For any such odd exponent p , every positive-integer solution of the equation a p + b p = c p corresponds to a general integer solution to the equation a p + b p + c p = 0 .
If a is not divisible by p, that is, if a is coprime to p, then Fermat's little theorem is equivalent to the statement that a p − 1 − 1 is an integer multiple of p, or in symbols: [1] [2] (). For example, if a = 2 and p = 7 , then 2 6 = 64 , and 64 − 1 = 63 = 7 × 9 is a multiple of 7 .
If 2 k + 1 is prime and k > 0, then k itself must be a power of 2, [1] so 2 k + 1 is a Fermat number; such primes are called Fermat primes. As of 2023 [update] , the only known Fermat primes are F 0 = 3 , F 1 = 5 , F 2 = 17 , F 3 = 257 , and F 4 = 65537 (sequence A019434 in the OEIS ).