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Monasteries spread throughout Europe and became important centers for the collection of knowledge related to agriculture and forestry. The manorial system , which existed under different names throughout Europe and Asia, allowed large landowners significant control over both their land and its laborers, in the form of peasants or serfs . [ 1 ]
These were located especially between the settlement areas of the various Germanic tribes and were respected on both sides as a boundary. Settlement areas included riparian forests and woods on rich soils. Initial incursions were made in order to build the settlements themselves. Next woods were cleared for farming and grazing.
This determination was made due to construction activities destroying any information that was important in prehistory or history that was remaining at the site. While development cannot be discontinued simply to protect archaeological sites, having a basic understanding of what might be impacted before development takes place could help ...
The most basic building supply in the Roman time period was wood. Trees were cut to house increasing populations throughout the Roman Empire. While some Mediterranean houses were built with brick and stone, roof structures, covered with tiles, as well as the floors in multistory apartment buildings were often made of wood. [3]
Post services were founded all over Europe, which allowed a humanistic interconnected network of intellectuals across Europe, despite religious divisions. However, the Roman Catholic Church banned many leading scientific works; this led to an intellectual advantage for Protestant countries, where the banning of books was regionally organised.
The most important use of lead was the extraction of silver. Lead and silver were often found together in the form of galena, an abundant lead ore. Galena is mined in the form of cubes and concentrated by removing the ore-bearing rocks. [6] It is often recognized by its high density and dark colour. [6]
Old Europe is a term coined by the Lithuanian archaeologist Marija Gimbutas to describe what she perceived as a relatively homogeneous pre-Indo-European Neolithic and Copper Age culture or civilisation in Southeast Europe, centred in the Lower Danube Valley. [1] [2] [3] Old Europe is also referred to in some literature as the Danube ...
The genetic history of Europe has been inferred by observing the patterns of genetic diversity across the continent and in the surrounding areas. Use has been made of both classical genetics and molecular genetics. [73] [74] Analysis of the DNA of the modern population of Europe has mainly been used but use has also been made of ancient DNA.