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The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1243-3. Gelber, H. (2004). Opium, Soldiers and Evangelicals: England's 1840-42 War with China and Its Aftermath.
The number of people using the drug in China grew rapidly, to the point that the trade imbalance shifted in the foreign countries' favor. In 1839 matters came to a head when Chinese official Lin Zexu tried to end the opium trade altogether by destroying a large amount of opium in Canton, thereby triggering the First Opium War.
19th century: Ningpo Massacre: Cantonese pirates (with support from the Qing) defeated Portuguese pirates. 1820s–1850s: Afaqi Khoja revolts: Aq Taghlik Khojas (Afaqi Khojas) attack Xinjiang. Qing victory 1839–1842: First Opium War: The Qing lost to the British and ceded Hong Kong to the latter. Included the following battles: 1839
This opium was then transported to the Chinese coast aboard British ships, where it was sold to native merchants who would sell it in China. According to 19th Century sinologist Edward Parker, there were four types of opium smuggled into China from India: kung pan t'ou (公班土, gongban tu or "Patna"); Pak t'ou (白土, bai tu or "Malwa ...
After negotiations, Stanton was released from Canton by order of Commissioner Qishan on 12 December 1840. [13] The Chinese restored their defences a year later when they built the Latashi fort, one kilometre north of the Barrier Gate. [1]
The Daoguang Emperor issued many imperial edicts banning opium in the 1820s and 1830s, which were carried out by Lin Zexu, whom he appointed as an Imperial Commissioner to Canton. [5] Lin Zexu's efforts to halt the spread of opium in China led directly to the First Opium War. With China losing the war, Lin Zexu was made a scapegoat.
Despite the opium ban, the British government supported the merchants' demand for compensation for seized goods, and insisted on the principles of free trade and equal diplomatic recognition with China. Opium was Britain's single most profitable commodity trade of the 19th century.
The Sanyuanli incident (Chinese: 三元里抗英事件) was a military conflict between regular troops of the British Army and an irregular force made up of Chinese militia and local citizens that took place around Sanyuanli village on the outskirts of Canton (now Guangzhou) on the 29 May 1841 after the Second Battle of Canton at the time of the First Opium War (1839–1842).