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The inert-pair effect is the tendency of the two electrons in the outermost atomic s-orbital to remain unshared in compounds of post-transition metals.The term inert-pair effect is often used in relation to the increasing stability of oxidation states that are two less than the group valency for the heavier elements of groups 13, 14, 15 and 16.
In Tl(I) , Pb(II) , and Bi(III) complexes a 6s 2 electron pair exists. The inert pair effect is the tendency of this pair of electrons to resist oxidation due to a relativistic contraction of the 6s orbital.
Inductive effect (chemical bonding) Inert-pair effect (atomic physics) (inorganic chemistry) (quantum chemistry) inertial supercharging effect (automobile) (engine technology) Inner-platform effect (anti-patterns) International Fisher effect (economics and finance) (finance theories) (interest rates) Inverse Doppler effect (Doppler effects ...
2 (115°) indicates that a given set of bonding electron pairs exert a weaker repulsion on a single non-bonding electron than on a pair of non-bonding electrons. In effect, they considered nitrogen dioxide as an AX 2 E 0.5 molecule, with a geometry intermediate between NO + 2 and NO − 2.
The effect is weak because it depends on the magnitude of the induced magnetic moment. It depends on the number of electron pairs and the chemical nature of the atoms to which they belong. This means that the effects are additive, and a table of "diamagnetic contributions", or Pascal's constants , can be put together.
Gallium can form compounds with the oxidation states +1, +2 and +3. Indium is like gallium, but its +1 compounds are more stable than those of the lighter elements. The strength of the inert-pair effect is maximal in thallium, which is generally only stable in the oxidation state of +1, although the +3 state is seen in some compounds.
The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum (Z = 78), after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert-pair effect. [citation needed] Due to lanthanide contraction, the 5 following observations can be drawn: The size of Ln 3+ ions regularly decreases with atomic number.
The stabilization of the 7s electrons is called the inert pair effect; the effect that separates the 7p subshell into the more-stabilized and the less-stabilized parts is called subshell splitting. Computational chemists understand the split as a change of the second ( azimuthal ) quantum number l from 1 to 1/2 and 3/2 for the more-stabilized ...