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This is the most common type of NAT and has become synonymous with the term NAT in common usage. This method allows communication through the router only when the conversation originates in the private network, since the initial originating transmission establishes the required information in the translation tables.
NAT traversal with SBC during user registration. Similar to the registration case, the SBC will also include itself in the path of INVITE and other request messages. When receiving an INVITE from a user agent behind a NAT, the SBC will include a via header with its own address, replace the information in the contact header with its own address and also replace the address information in the ...
Carrier-grade NAT. Carrier-grade NAT (CGN or CGNAT), also known as large-scale NAT (LSN), is a type of network address translation (NAT) used by ISPs in IPv4 network design. With CGNAT, end sites, in particular residential networks, are configured with private network addresses that are translated to public IPv4 addresses by middlebox network address translator devices embedded in the network ...
Various NAT traversal techniques have been developed: NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a protocol introduced by Apple as an alternative to IGDP. Port Control Protocol (PCP) is a successor of NAT-PMP. UPnP Internet Gateway Device Protocol (UPnP IGD) is supported by many small NAT gateways in home or small office settings. It allows a ...
Interior gateway protocol (any private interior gateway, for example Cisco's IGRP) 0x0A 10 BBN-RCC-MON BBN RCC Monitoring 0x0B 11 NVP-II Network Voice Protocol: RFC 741: 0x0C 12 PUP Xerox PUP: 0x0D 13 ARGUS ARGUS 0x0E 14 EMCON EMCON 0x0F 15 XNET Cross Net Debugger IEN 158 [2] 0x10 16 CHAOS Chaos: 0x11 17 UDP User Datagram Protocol: RFC 768 ...
A chain does not exist by itself; it belongs to a table. There are three tables: nat, filter, and mangle. Unless preceded by the option -t, an iptables command concerns the filter table by default. For example, the command iptables -L -v -n, which shows some chains and their rules, is equivalent to iptables -t filter -L -v -n.
For example, the U flag indicates that an IP route is up. filtering criteria: Access-control lists associated with the route; interface: Such as eth0 for the first Ethernet card, eth1 for the second Ethernet card, etc. Shown below is an example of what the table above could look like on a computer connected to the internet via a home router:
Examples of such protocols include multimedia applications and file sharing. Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) provides one way for an application to traverse a NAT. STUN allows a client to obtain a transport address (an IP address and port) which may be useful for receiving packets from a peer.