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The occupation was adopted by people, often children, in poverty and with a lack of skills. Work conditions were filthy and uncomfortable. [60]: 209–218 [139] Although in 1904 a person could still claim "mudlark" as an occupation, by then it seems to have been no longer viewed as an acceptable or lawful pursuit. [140]
Eighteenth-century flyer advertising the services of John Hunt, nightman and rubbish carter, showing two men carrying one of the pipes used to remove human excrement Gong farmer (also gongfermor , gongfermour , gong-fayer , gong-fower or gong scourer ) was a term that entered use in Tudor England to describe someone who dug out and removed ...
Young workers were not immediately exempt, as, for example, a blacksmith would become exempt at the age of 25, and an unmarried mining or textiles worker would become exempt at the age of 30. Married men had a lower age before they became exempt. By 1915, 1.5 million men were in reserved occupations and by November 1918 this reached 2.5 million ...
The Duncan Segregation Index is a measure of occupational segregation based on gender that measures whether there is a larger than expected presence of one gender over another in a given occupation or labor force by identifying the percentage of employed women (or men) who would have to change occupations for the occupational distribution of men and women to be equal.
A painting of a gentry scholar with two courtesans, by Tang Yin, c. 1500. The four occupations (simplified Chinese: 士农工商; traditional Chinese: 士農工商; pinyin: Shì nóng gōng shāng), or "four categories of the people" (Chinese: 四民; pinyin: sì mín), [1] [2] was an occupation classification used in ancient China by either Confucian or Legalist scholars as far back as the ...
Women in female-dominated jobs pay two penalties: the average wage of their jobs is lower than that in comparable male-dominated jobs, and they earn less relative to men in the same jobs. Since 1980, occupational segregation is the single largest factor of the gender pay gap, accounting for over half of the wage gap. [31]
As with their English counterparts, lightermen in Singapore were men who worked on a lighter or on a barge. [3] Their primary role was to transport cargo between ships in the harbour and warehouses along the Singapore River. [4] They were active in Singapore in the 19th and 20th century, playing a key role in the city’s port functions.
The rank and file miners, however, were primarily interested in regaining lost income, and began slow-downs to force the company to pay higher wages. When wages did go up, output fell as absenteeism increased and the younger men left for better-paying factory jobs, and the remaining men resisted any speedup.