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This article describes the x-ray lasers in plasmas, only. The plasma x-ray lasers rely on stimulated emission to generate or amplify coherent, directional, high-brightness electromagnetic radiation in the near X-ray or extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum, that is, usually from ~3 nanometers to several tens of nanometers (nm) wavelength.
Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range. The height of the lines and bars gives an indication of the maximal power/pulse energy commercially available, while the color codifies the type of laser material (see the figure description for details).
Sankey diagram of the laser energy to hohlraum x-ray to target capsule energy coupling efficiency. Note the "laser energy" is after conversion to UV, which loses about 50% of the original IR power. The conversion of x-ray heat to energy in the fuel loses another 90% – of the 1.9 MJ of laser light, only about 10 kJ ends up in the fuel itself.
Approximate lifetime energy output of the Sun. [282] [283] 3 × 10 44 J: Total energy of a typical gamma-ray burst if collimated [280] 10 45 ~10 45 J Estimated energy released in a hypernova and pair instability supernova [284] 10 45 J Energy released by the energetic supernova, SN 2016aps [285] [286] 1.7–1.9×10 45 J: Energy released by ...
As electron kinetic energy and undulator parameters can be adapted as desired, free-electron lasers are tunable and can be built for a wider frequency range than any other type of laser, [3] currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, ultraviolet, and X-ray.
Laser pumping is the act of energy transfer from an external source into the gain medium of a laser. The energy is absorbed in the medium, producing excited states in its atoms. When for a period of time the number of particles in one excited state exceeds the number of particles in the ground state or a less-excited state, population inversion ...
By 1980 Livermore considered both nuclear bombs and nuclear reactors as viable energy sources for an x-ray laser. On November 14, 1980, the first successful test of the bomb-powered x-ray laser was conducted. The use of a bomb was initially supported over that of the reactor driven laser because it delivered a more intense beam.
An other active research area of laser–matter interaction is the radiation pressure acceleration of ions or protons from thin–foil targets. [35] High ion energy beams can be generated for medical applications (for example in ion beam therapy [36]) by the radiation pressure of short laser pulses on ultra-thin foils.