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Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah: Sejarah, Paham Keagamaan, dan Pemikiran Politik 1945-1970 (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. ISBN 978-602-425-230-4. {}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ; Masrial; Nasir, Muhammad; Nurdin, Jasril (2010). Laporan Program Penelitian Pendidikan dan Kelembagaan Islam Tahun 2010 (in
Political aspects of Islam are derived from Islamic doctrine coming from the Quran, ḥadīth literature, and sunnah (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad), [1] and elements of political movements and tendencies followed by Muslims or groups of Muslims throughout the history of Islam. [2]
Martin Kramer was one of the first experts to start using the term political Islam in 1980. In 2003, he stated that political Islam can also be seen as tautology because nowhere in the Muslim world is a religion separated from politics. [5] [6] Some experts use terms like Islamism, pointing out the same set of occurrences or they confuse both ...
He is a senior research fellow at the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation as well as the executive director of the International Center For Islam and Pluralism. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Anwar was instrumental to the founding of the Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals , having participation in the 1990 meeting with B. J. Habibie ...
Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered "real".
Charles Sanders Peirce is among the most prominent modern proponents of objective idealism.. Objective idealism is a philosophical theory that affirms the ideal and spiritual nature of the world and conceives of the idea of which the world is made as the objective and rational form in reality rather than as subjective content of the mind or mental representation.
George Berkeley is credited with the development of subjective idealism.. Subjective idealism, or empirical idealism or immaterialism, is a form of philosophical monism that holds that only minds and mental contents exist.
Epistemological idealism suggests that everything we experience and know is of a mental nature—sense data in philosophical jargon. Although it is sometimes employed to argue in favor of metaphysical idealism, in principle epistemological idealism makes no claim about whether sense data are grounded in reality.