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The Stability of Matter: From Atoms to Stars. Selecta of Elliott H. Lieb. Edited by W. Thirring, and with a preface by F. Dyson. Fourth edition. Springer, Berlin, 2005. Elliott H. Lieb and Robert Seiringer, The Stability of Matter in Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2010. Elliott H. Lieb, The stability of matter: from atoms to stars ...
An even number of protons or neutrons is more stable (higher binding energy) because of pairing effects, so even–even nuclides are much more stable than odd–odd. One effect is that there are few stable odd–odd nuclides: in fact only five are stable, with another four having half-lives longer than a billion years.
Lieb has been awarded several prizes in mathematics and physics, including the Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics of the American Physical Society and the American Institute of Physics (1978), [9] the Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society (1992), [10] the Boltzmann medal of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (1998), [11] the Schock Prize (2001), [12] the Henri ...
The existence of a topological defect can be demonstrated whenever the boundary conditions entail the existence of homotopically distinct solutions. Typically, this occurs because the boundary on which the conditions are specified has a non-trivial homotopy group which is preserved in differential equations; the solutions to the differential equations are then topologically distinct, and are ...
However, stability of large systems with many electrons and many nucleons is a different question, and requires the Pauli exclusion principle. [15] It has been shown that the Pauli exclusion principle is responsible for the fact that ordinary bulk matter is stable and occupies volume.
In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements. It is predicted to appear as an "island" in the chart of nuclides , separated from known stable and long-lived primordial radionuclides .
For this reason, the valley of stability does not follow the line Z = N for A larger than 40 (Z = 20 is the element calcium). [3] Neutron number increases along the line of beta stability at a faster rate than atomic number. The line of beta stability follows a particular curve of neutron–proton ratio, corresponding to the most stable ...
Symmetry-protected topological (SPT) order [1] [2] is a kind of order in zero-temperature quantum-mechanical states of matter that have a symmetry and a finite energy gap. To derive the results in a most-invariant way, renormalization group methods are used (leading to equivalence classes corresponding to certain fixed points). [ 1 ]