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Bocas del Toro Patois, or Panamanian Patois English, is a dialect of Jamaican Patois, an English-based creole, spoken in Bocas del Toro Province, Panama. It is similar to Central American varieties such as Limonese Creole. [1] It does not have the status of an official language. It was pejoratively known as "guari-guari." [2]
Spanish is the official and dominant language. About 93% of the population speak Spanish as their first language, though many citizens speak both English and Spanish or native languages, such as Ngäbere. Many languages, including seven indigenous languages, are also spoken in Panama.
English: I oughtn't have been teaching; Panamane: I ótto'n ab séro teshéndo. Additionally, the adverb there with its two meanings, indeterminate and determinate, is faithfully replicated: English: There are many birds there. Panamane: Der sont multi sossy dáe. Following English biases, derivations in Panamane also resemble English patterns:
About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages. [12]
A notable characteristic of Panamanian Spanish, and other varieties of Caribbean Spanish, is the debuccalization of the /s/ sound at the end of a syllable or word, such as in the word cascada, 'waterfall', pronounced [kahˈkaða] (like "h" in the English word "he") instead of [kasˈkaða]. This results in a phonetic merger with /x/.
Many languages, including seven indigenous languages, are spoken in Panama, although Spanish is the official and dominant language. The local variant is Panamanian Spanish. English is sometimes spoken by many professionals and those working in the business or governmental sectors of society. Indigenous languages include Guaymí, Kuna, Northern ...
The Emberá language is not a single language but a group of mutually-intelligible languages spoken throughout Panamá and Colombia. Along with Wounmeu, they are the only extant members of the Chocó language family and not known to be related to any other language family of Central or South America, although in the past relationships have been proposed with the Carib, Arawak, and Chibchan ...
Cueva was the name assigned by Spanish colonists to various indigenous populations they encountered in Eastern Panama.Although it has been used variously to describe a specific ethnicity, many scholars believe that the peoples who used the Cueva language belonged to multiple ethnolinguistic groups, and that this language was in fact a lingua franca.