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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
This is a list including all rulers who had carried the title of emperor or who ruled over an empire through history. Some titles meaning "emperor" might not have been used in the context like "padishah" under the Kingdom of Afghanistan or "tsar" under Kingdom of Bulgaria .
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator Romanorum; German: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period [1] (Latin: Imperator Germanorum; German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
[101] [102] This was an attempt to abolish private feuds, between the many dukes and other people, and to tie the emperor's subordinates to a legal system of jurisdiction and public prosecution of criminal acts – a predecessor of the modern concept of rule of law. Another new concept of the time was the systematic founding of new cities by ...
Margraviate of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (complete list) – Herman I the Tall, co-Margrave (1298/99–1308) John V the Illustrious, co-Margrave (1308–1317) Margraviate/ Electorate of Brandenburg (complete list) – House of Ascania. Henry I Lackland, Margraviate of Brandenburg-Stendal (1294–1317), of Brandenburg (1317–1318)
Berchtesgaden Prince-Provostry (complete list) – Bernhard I of Schönstätten, Provost (1194–1201) Landgraviate of Leuchtenberg (de:complete list) – Gebhardt I, Landgrave (?–1146) Gebhardt II, Landgrave (1146–1168) Diepold I, Landgrave (1168–1209) Prince-Abbey of Niedermünster (complete list) – Uda II von Marburg, Abbess (1089 ...
The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty (House of Babur), ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution in 1857. [1] They were the supreme monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent , mainly corresponding to the modern day countries of India , Pakistan , Afghanistan ...
Kingdom of Burgundy (Arles) (complete list) – For the preceding rulers of Burgundy/Arles, see List of state leaders in the 11th century#Europe: West. Conrad II, King (1032–1039) Henry III, King (1038–1056) Henry IV, King (1056–1105) Upper Burgundy (complete list) – Rudolph III, King (993–1032) County of Burgundy (complete list) –