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Anticholinergics (anticholinergic agents) are substances that block the action of the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] These agents inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system by selectively blocking the binding of ACh to its receptor in nerve cells .
Clozapine, sold under the brand name Clozaril among others, is a psychiatric medication and was the first atypical antipsychotic to be discovered. [7] It is used primarily to treat people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who have had an inadequate response to two other antipsychotics, or who have been unable to tolerate other drugs due to extrapyramidal side effects.
Combined use of medications with anticholinergics may cause synergistic (supra-additive), additive, or antagonistic interactions, leading to no therapeutic effect or overdosing. [25] [26] Below listed are some medications or food that can interact with anticholinergics. Medications indicated for: Irregular heartbeat, e.g. disopyramide ...
Doxylamine is also a potent anticholinergic, meaning that it causes delirum at high doses—i.e., at much higher doses than recommended. [8] (Specifically it is an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M 1 through M 5.) These sedative and deliriant effects have in some cases led to using the drug recreationally.
The main contraindication for ipratropium in any form is hypersensitivity to atropine and related substances. [20] [21]Conditions such as narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic hyperplasia, or bladder neck obstruction are not necessarily contraindicators, but should be taken into account, particularly if the patient is receiving an anticholinergic by another route.
"Given all the research evidence, physicians might want to consider alternatives to anticholinergic medications, if available, when working with older patients," a researcher told CNN.
Scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug, was used to block cholinergic activity in young adults and induce memory impairments similar to those present in the elderly. The memory impairments were reversed when treated with physostigmine , a cholinergic agonist.
[22] [23] The drug is also commonly described as possessing weak anticholinergic activity by acting as an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The dextrorotatory stereoisomer , dexchlorpheniramine , has been reported to possess K d values of 15 nM for the H 1 receptor and 1,300 nM for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in ...