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Brand valuation is the process of estimating the total financial value of a brand. A conflict of interest exists if those who value a brand were also involved in its creation. [ 1 ] The ISO 10668 standard specifies six key requirements for the process of valuing brands, which are transparency, validity , reliability , sufficiency, objectivity ...
Brand image refers to an image an organization wants to project; [50] a psychological meaning or meaning profile associated with a brand. [51] Brand loyalty refers to the feelings of attachment a consumer forms with a brand. It is a tendency of consumers to purchase repeatedly from a specific brand. [52]
Economists commonly use the term recession to mean either a period of two successive calendar quarters each having negative growth [clarification needed] of real gross domestic product [1] [2] [3] —that is, of the total amount of goods and services produced within a country—or that provided by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER): "...a significant decline in economic activity ...
Brand, a name, logo, slogan, and/or design scheme associated with a product or service Branding (promotional), the distribution of merchandise with a brand name or symbol imprinted; Brand management, the application of marketing techniques to a specific product, product line, or brand
James Stuart (1767) authored the first book in English with 'political economy' in its title, explaining it just as: . Economy in general [is] the art of providing for all the wants of a family, so the science of political economy seeks to secure a certain fund of subsistence for all the inhabitants, to obviate every circumstance which may render it precarious; to provide everything necessary ...
In economics and marketing, product differentiation (or simply differentiation) is the process of distinguishing a product or service from others to make it more attractive to a particular target market. This involves differentiating it from competitors' products as well as from a firm's other products.
In economics, a location model or spatial model refers to any monopolistic competition model that demonstrates consumer preference for particular brands of goods and their locations. Examples of location models include Hotelling 's Location Model, Salop 's Circle Model, and hybrid variations.
Brand protection is the process and set of actions that a right holder undertakes to prevent third parties from using its intellectual property without permission, as this may cause loss of revenue and, usually more importantly, destroys brand equity, reputation and trust.